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Manufacture Liegoise d’Armes ‘a Fue Robar et Cie, Liege, Belgium. The company began as Robar & de Kerkhove, and went through numerous minor changes of name before ending up as the Societe Anonyme Robaret Cie under which title it when into liquidation in 1958.At one stage of its carreer, it formed part of the Cockerill Munitions Empire, but the precise connection is not clear. Robar and de Kerkhove began producing cheap pocket revolvers around the turn of the century. The 1911 Jieffeco was designed by H Rosier in about 1907 and was covered by his Br pat 24875/1908. US pat 97064/1910. and at a glance looks like the browning 1900. The barrel also is also located under the recoil spring like the1900 Browning. It is a single action, unlocked blowback weapon with an enclosed hammer. The frame is strange in appearance and the slide is a block behind the barrel. The slide is located to the spring guide with a single screw, so it is an unsafe design. The safety catch blocks the trigger. This pistol was licenced is SA as a Brevette. The word “Brevette” is found on the pistol, but “Brevette” is French for ”Patent”. It is not a name. The article by Ed Buffaloe: The Robar & de Kerckhove, Jieffeco and Melior Pistols (Old Model) gives the history of these pistols. The First Rosier Patent Henri Rosier’s first patent for an automatic pistol, Belgian patent number 204029, was filed on 21 November 1907, and granted on 30 November 1907. Nearly identical patents were filed in Switzerland on 25 July 1908, in the U.S. on 18 November 1908, and in France and Great Britain on 19 November 1908. The British patent was granted in 1909, but the U.S. and Swiss patents were not granted until 1910. Interestingly, it is the British patent number which appears on the production pistols: 24875-08. The patent shows a gun that is externally quite similar to the Model 1899 or 1900 FN Browning, with the recoil spring above a fixed barrel and an unlocked breech. However, upon closer examination it becomes clear that Rosier’s design carefully avoids infringing upon any of Browning’s patents. There is no reciprocating slide but instead a reciprocating bolt or breech block, and the internal design is quite different. An external transfer bar runs beneath the grip on the right side of the gun. There is no true disconnector to prevent movement of the sear when the breech block is out of battery, but instead a “Mécanisme de déclenchement”, or “release mechanism” that requires the trigger to be released and pulled again to fire another cartridge. The design consists of the frame with fixed barrel, the breech block, an upper receiver housing which serves as a sleeve for the barrel and a housing for the recoil spring, and a recoil spring guide rod which screws into the breech block to hold the gun together. Company Names and Trade Names The guns were manufactured by the firm of Robar & de Kerckhove, as evidenced by grip plates with the R&K monogram on both the early Melior and Jieffeco pistols. The full name of the company, L. Robar Fils & L. de Kerckhove, appears in a trademark certificate dated 14 January 1914 (reproduced at littlegun.be) representing the trade name ‘Melior’ over the initials ‘R.K.’ ‘Melior’ is Latin for ‘better’ and might also be translated as ‘superior’. “Jieffeco” was a trade name of Jannsen Fils & Cie, registered on 8 June 1909. The name “Jieffeco” is a French phonetic conversion of the letters ‘J’ and ‘F’, plus ‘Co’ (‘jie’ plus ‘effe’ plus ‘co’ = ‘Jieffeco’.) The early Jieffeco pistols, like the Melior, have grip plates with the R&K monogram in an oval, indicating manufacture by Robar & de Kerckhove, but these soon gave way to grip plates with a JF&Co. monogram in a circle. However, since serial numbers are contiguous, it is not believed that Jannsen was involved in the manufacture of the guns. The Adolf Frank Export Gesellschaft marketed the Jieffeco pistol under the name “Alfa Patent”, as advertised in the 1911 ALFA Catalogue. The Moritz Magnus jünger company, a well-known retailer in Hamburg, also marketed the gun under the name ‘Melior’ but with their own distinctive grip plates. Nomenclature The early version of this pistol is sometimes referred to as the Model 1907, presumably after the date of the Belgian patent, or as the Model 1908, after the date of the British patent which appears on the gun; but the early manuals for the Jieffeco and Melior both refer to the gun as the Model 1909. Additionally, an early English-language advertisement refers to the gun as the Model 1909 -1910. Based on the company usage, I have decided to refer to the early version of the gun as the Model 1909 (Type I). The later version has been variously referred to as the Model 1911 (after the Belgian patent date) or the Model 1912 (after the foreign patent dates). I have been unable to locate a manual for the later gun in order to determine how the company referred to it, but the only advertisement I have seen lists it as the “Nouveau modèle” or “new model”. Unfortunately, this is also what the later Melior and Jieffeco pistols, manufactured after the Great War, were called. So, rather than give it a separate model number, I have decided to refer to the late version as the Model 1909 (Type II). After Robar introduced a new line of pistols around 1920, the new guns were naturally referred to as the “New Model”, and since that time the Model 1909 (in either Type I or Type II configuration) has been referred to as the “Old Model”. The Model 1909 (Type I) Melior and Jieffeco in 6.35mm Foreign patents were filed in mid to late 1908, but the earliest foreign patent granted was the British in March of 1909. Manufacture of the gun may have begun as early as 1908, but it is doubtful it was marketed outside Belgium until 1909 or possibly later. Brandt (DWJ, June 1995) states that the gun did not come onto the market until 1911. The earliest advertisement I have located is in the ALFA catalogue of 1911 (which was likely in preparation as early as 1910), but there should be earlier advertisements if marketing began in 1909. Please write to me if you have an early advertisement.* The gun is substantially as described in the above patent. The bolt or breech block reciprocates in the frame and has an upper extension into which the recoil spring guide rod is screwed. This extension has 15 fine triangular-cut vertical serrations in a raised panel at its rear to assist in retracting the breech block to chamber a cartridge. The striker and its spring are held captive in the breech block by a pinned plug to the rear. The earliest guns (Type I, First Variant, up to at least serial number 3477 and possibly later*) show an extractor fitted into the breech block with no round protrusion, and a breech block with no hole for a protrusion. I have been unable to determine exactly how the early extractor is held in place. The ejection port has a single rounded corner at the lower left. This early configuration is shown in photographs in the early manuals (see above). In later guns (Type I, Second Variant - from at least serial number 6675 and possibly earlier*) the spring steel extractor, fitted in the breech block, is built on a similar pattern to that of the 1899/1900 FN Browning, with a round protrusion near the end that locks into a hole in the breech block. This is the configuration shown in the patent drawings. Type I, Second Variant ejection ports are rounded on both lower corners. The lockwork is somewhat simplified compared to that described in the patent. There is no spring-loaded release mechanism attached to the sear. Instead the forward nose of the sear is pushed up by the end of the transfer bar, which then passes beyond it and cannot re-engage until the trigger is released and pulled again. The manual safety locks the sear, positively preventing release of the striker. There is no magazine safety. The ejector has a pin on the back side that is press-fit into a hole in the left side of the frame just above the grip plate. The magazine release is a button at the bottom rear of the left grip. The magazine is of standard manufacture, holds six cartridges, and has five holes for viewing cartridges on each side. There is a half-moon cut-out on the right side about 5mm up from the baseplate. The grip plates are of checkered horn. Early grip plates for both the Melior and Jieffeco feature the R&K monogram in an oval in the middle of the grip. Some grip plates for the Melior pistol feature an MjrM monogram with an old-style pistol beneath it in a circle in the middle of the grip, the logo of the Moritz Magnus jünger company of Hamburg. Later grip plates for the Melior pistol show the word “Melior” written in script at an angle in the middle of the grip. Later Jieffeco grip plates feature the JF&Co. monogram in a circle in the middle of the grip. The early inscription on the upper receiver housing of Melior pistols is in all capital serif italic characters on one line: “MELIOR” or sometimes all capital non-italic serif: “MELIOR” Later Melior inscriptions are in all capital serif characters, with a patent notice in all capital sans-serif characters on a second line: MELIOR BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 “Brevete” is French for “patent” and “S.G.D.G.” is a standard French abbreviation of “sans garantie du gouvernement”, meaning “without government guarantee”. The patent number given is that of the British patent of 1908. Markings for the manual safety are in French: FEU (Fire) and SUR (Safe). The inscription on the Jieffeco pistols is in all capital sans-serif characters on two lines: PISTOLET AUTOMATIQUE JIEFFECO DEPOSE, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 A small number of Jieffeco pistols are marked in German. These are likely the guns advertised in the 1911 ALFA catalogue as the ALFA Patent pistol. I have been unable to examine one of these pistols to establish the exact format, but the inscription is: SELBSTLADE PISTOLE The serial number is stamped on the right side of the gun: on the frame in front of the ejection port, on the recoil spring housing just above the rear of the ejection port, and on the forward extension of the breech block visible through the ejection port. The serial number is also stamped, in whole or in part, on many of the small parts such as the trigger and the magazine release button. A group of collectors on the luger.gunboards.com forum have documented serial numbers for these pistols. It appears that serial numbers may have begun at 1000. The early guns are all branded as Melior through approximately serial number 5000, after which we begin to see mixed Jieffeco and Melior pistols. The highest serial number documented thus far for the Model 1909 (Type I) in 6 .35mm is 12166, while the lowest serial number for the Model 1909 (Type II) in 6.35mm is 12860. If you can help refine these numbers, please either write to me or join the forum and share your serial number and a description of your gun.* Based on the serial numbers collected thus far, I estimate that approximately 11,000 Model 1909 (Type I) pistols were made in 6.35mm (combined total of Melior and Jieffeco). The Model 1909 (Type I) Melior and Jieffeco in 7.65mm The model 1909 (Type I) Melior and Jieffeco pistols were also made in 7.65mm (.32 caliber). It appears that the twenty-thousand serial number range was set aside for the 7.65mm pistols, as the earliest serial number documented thus far for a Model 1909 (Type I) in 7.65mm is 20009 and the highest is 21803, indicating a very limited production of these early 7.65mm pistols (approximately 2000). One reason to believe that the 6.35mm pistols may have been manufactured for a time before 7.65mm production began is that the earliest 7.65mm pistols we have recorded are branded Jieffeco, whereas 6.35mm Jieffeco production appears to have come after approximately 4000 Melior pistols had been produced. But that is in no way definitive- -production in both calibers could, in theory, have commenced simultaneously. However, we have not documented any 7.65mm pistols with the extractor design seen on the early 6.35mm Melior pistols. The 7.65mm pistol is simply a scaled-up version of the 6.35mm, and looks remarkably like the 1899/1900 Browning pistol. Like the smaller gun it has 15 vertical triangular-cut serrations in a raised panel on the bolt. The magazine holds seven cartridges and has six holes for viewing cartridges in each side. Grip plates are made of checkered horn. Jieffeco grip plates feature the JF&Co. monogram in a circle in the middle of the grip. Melior grip plates feature the word “Melior” written in script at an angle in the middle of the grip. The Model 1909 (Type I) Jieffeco in 7.65mm is marked on the left side of the recoil spring housing in all-capital sans-serif characters: PISTOLET AUTOMATIQUE JIEFFECO DEPOSE The top edge of the frame is marked on the left side in all-capital sans-serif characters: BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 The Model 1909 (Type I) Melior in 7.65mm is marked on the left side of the bolt in all-capital serif characters: MELIOR The top edge of the frame is marked on the left side in all-capital sans-serif characters: BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 The serial number is stamped on the right side of the gun: on the frame above the trigger guard, on the rear of the recoil spring housing, and on the upper extension of the breech block. The serial number is also stamped, in whole or in part, on many small parts such as the trigger and the magazine release button. Field Stripping the Model 1909 (Type I) 1. 2. Remove the empty magazine and verify that the chamber is empty. 3. Unscrew the recoil spring guide rod above the barrel (carefully, as it is under spring tension), and remove the guide rod and recoil spring. 4. Pull the recoil spring housing from the front of the gun. 5. Pull the bolt or breech block from the rear of the gun. Note: When reinstalling the bolt, you must pull the trigger to lower the sear. The Second Rosier Patent Henri Rosier’s second patent for an automatic pistol, Belgian patent number 230218, was filed on 31 October 1910 as an addendum to the original patent 204029, and was granted on 21 November 1910. The patent was for a design that allowed disassembly of the gun without tools. To disassemble for cleaning, one grasped the upper housing and pulled it forward far enough that the rear portion cleared the frame and the lower portion cleared the barrel, then twisted it 90 degrees and eased the housing and the attached breech block off the frame to the rear. I do not believe this patent was ever implemented in a production pistol, though I cannot discount the possibility that a few prototypes were made. The patent states that: “The front part of the receiver housing and the [barrel] sleeve advantageously have grooves or serrations, which make it possible to grasp the piece more easily.” These are shown in the patent illustration as fine serrations on the bottom of the barrel sleeve. I have not seen a pistol with such serrations, and the patent was not filed outside Belgium, unlike Rosier’s third patent. The Third Rosier Patent Hendri Rosier’s 3rd patent for a selfloading pistol, Belgian patent number 233222, was filed on 17 February 1911 as an addendum to the original patent 204029, and was granted on 28 February 1911. Similar patents were filed in Great Britain and Switzerland on 12 January 1912, and in the U.S. on 18 January 1912. All were granted before the end of 1912. Rosier and/or Robar probably realized that the design of the second patent, while an improvement over the original design, was likely to cause damage to the finish of the gun with repeated disassembly; so the third patent features a design wherein the recoil spring guide rod has a ball on the rear end with a transverse screw which secures it in the bolt or breech block. This allows the guide rod and front housing to be rotated upward so that the front housing need not come in contact with the frame during removal. The sides of the front housing are serrated for ease of gripping. With these innovations, the gun can be disassembled for cleaning in seconds, and without damage to the components. The Model 1909 (Type II) Melior and Jieffeco in 6.35mm The functionality of the gun is the same as the earlier model, with the exception that disassembly is greatly simplified and requires no tools. The bolt has 13 vertical triangular-cut serrations that are somewhat coarser than those on the earlier model. The front of the recoil spring housing also has 13 vertical triangular-cut serrations facing in the opposite direction to facilitate disassembly. A transverse screw, inserted from the right side through the upper extension of the bolt, connects the recoil spring guide rod to the reciprocating breech block. The magazine release is moved to the base of the grip, and is pressed inward from the rear to release the magazine. The magazine has a horizontal slot on the back about 2cm up from the baseplate. Replacement magazines can usually be recognized because they have both the half-moon cutout and the horizontal slot, so they will fit either model. Most grip plates continue to be of checkered horn with either the JF&Co monogram in a circle, or an MjrM monogram in a circle (the logo of the Moritz Magnus junr . company of Hamburg), or the word Melior in script. Because the magazine release has been moved from the left grip, it is no longer necessary for the left grip plate to have a hole in it; however, apparently the company already had a great many grip plates made with the hole, or with a place where the hole could be drilled, so many Jieffeco grip plates appear to either have the hole filled or a blank space in the checkering where the hole might have been drilled. Very late grip plates are of hard rubber instead of horn, with a circle at the bottom of the left plate where the old button safety would have been--in this circle is molded 635. The inscription on the Model 1909 (Type II) Melior is identical to that of the late Model 1909 (Type I), in all capital serif characters, with a patent notice in all capital sans-serif characters on the second line: MELIOR, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 The Inscription on the Model 1909 (Type II) Jieffeco is also identical to that of the Model 1909 (Type I): PISTOLET AUTOMATIQUE JIEFFECO DEPOSE, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 Serial numbers recorded begin at 12860 and run to 19693, and another range begins at 30420 and runs to 36489. From these serial numbers I estimate that probably about 14,000 Model 1909 (Type II) pistols were made in 6.35mm (both Melior and Jieffeco combined). The Model 1909 (Type II) Melior and Jieffeco in 7.65mm The functionality of the gun is the same as the earlier model, with the exception that disassembly is greatly simplified and requires no tools. The bolt has 13 vertical triangular-cut serrations that are somewhat coarser than those on the earlier model. The front of the recoil spring housing also has 13 vertical triangular-cut serrations facing in the opposite direction to facilitate disassembly. A transverse screw, inserted from the right side through the upper extension of the bolt, connects the recoil spring guide rod to the reciprocating breech block. The magazine release is moved to the base of the grip, and is pressed inward from the rear to release the magazine. The magazine has a horizontal slot on the back about 2cm up from the baseplate. Replacement magazines can usually be recognized because they have both the half-moon cutout and the horizontal slot, so they will fit either model. Most grip plates continue to be of checkered horn with either the JF&Co monogram in a circle, or an MjrM monogram in a circle (the logo of the Moritz Magnus junr . company of Hamburg), or the word Melior in script. Because the magazine release has been moved from the left grip, it is no longer necessary for the left grip plate to have a hole in it; however, apparently the company already had a great many grip plates made with the hole, or with a place where the hole could be drilled, so many Jieffeco grip plates appear to either have the hole filled or a blank space in the checkering where the hole might have been drilled. Very late grip plates are of hard rubber instead of horn, with a circle at the bottom of the left plate where the old button safety would have been--in this circle is molded 635. The inscription on the Model 1909 (Type II) Melior is identical to that of the late Model 1909 (Type I), in all capital serif characters, with a patent notice in all capital sans-serif characters on the second line: MELIOR, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 The Inscription on the Model 1909 (Type II) Jieffeco is also identical to that of the Model 1909 (Type I): PISTOLET AUTOMATIQUE JIEFFECO DEPOSE, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 Serial numbers recorded begin at 12860 and run to 19693, and another range begins at 30420 and runs to 36489. From these serial numbers I estimate that probably about 14,000 Model 1909 (Type II) pistols were made in 6.35mm (both Melior and Jieffeco combined). The Model 1909 (Type II) Melior and Jieffeco in 7.65mm The Model 1909 (Type II) in 7.65mm has 14 triangular-cut vertical serrations on the upper extension of the bolt, and can be clearly distinguished from the Model 1909 (Type I) by the 19 triangular-cut vertical serrations on the front of the recoil spring housing. A few of the early 7.65mm Model 1909 (Type II) pistols retain the button release for the magazine on the left grip, but the majority will be found to have the release on the bottom of the grip. Grip plates continue to be made of checkered horn, with the same logos as the Model 1909 (Type I) pistols in 7.65mm, with some late grip plates featuring a round circle on the left plate (where the magazine release hole would have been), stamped 765. The inscription on the recoil spring housing of the 7.65mm Model 1909 (Type II) Melior is in all capital serif characters, with a patent notice in all capital sans-serif characters on the second line: MELIOR, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 The inscription on the recoil spring housing of the 7.65mm Model 1909 (Type II) Jieffeco is in all capital sans-serif characters: PISTOLET AUTOMATIQUE JIEFFECO DEPOSE, BREVETE S.G.D.G. PATENT 24875.08 The Model 1909 (Type II) pistols in 7.65mm continue to be in the 2xxxx serial number range, with examples recorded falling between 22269 and 27306. Estimated production in 7.65mm is just over 5000 pistols (Melior and Jieffeco combined). Production of pistols by Robar & de Kerckhove is believed to have ended with the defeat of Belgium by German forces in August of 1914, or soon thereafter. Field Stripping the Model 1909 (Type II) 1. Remove the empty magazine and verify that the chamber is empty. 2. Grasp the recoil spring housing by the serrations at the front and pull it forward until it clears the end of the barrel. 3. Lift the recoil spring housing above the barrel and ease the attached bolt off the rear of the frame. Note: When reinstalling the bolt, you must pull the trigger to lower the sear. The Phoenix Pistol I have not been able to find out much about the Phoenix pistols, but the story seems to be that after World War I Robar wished to manufacture a new gun which the company had patented in 1914, but had quite a few parts left over from the 6.35mm Model 1912. They sold these parts to an entity in Lowell, Massachusetts named Phoenix Manufacturing Company. It is also possible that Robar sold the tooling and dies, and the guns were manufactured in the U.S., but I do not know this for certain. The fact that only about 1000 Phoenix pistols appear to have been made would make me tend to believe that only parts were sold, but on the other hand a member of the National Automatic Pistol Collectors Association reports that the screws in the Phoenix are not metric, which would indicate U.S. manufacture. The exact date of these pistols is uncertain, but the company was listed in the Lowell, Massachusetts city directory for 1920 and 1921. Interestingly, a “Henry Rosier of Lowell Massachusetts” was filing firearms patents in the U.S. in 1922 and 1923 (see U.S. patent numbers 1,454,454 and 1,520,671). This evidence makes it probable that Henri Rosier came to the U.S. soon after World War I, sold his patent to the Phoenix company in Lowell, Massachusetts, and may have lived in the city for a while and worked in the firearms industry, perhaps even assisting Phoenix Manufacturing in setting up their assembly line. The J. Galef catalogue for 1921 does not list the Phoenix pistol, but another J. Galef catalogue, tentatively dated 1926, does. Please write to me if you can provide further photographs or information about the Phoenix pistols.* The guns are nearly identical to the Model 1909 (Type II) Melior and Jieffeco pistols in 6.35mm, except they have grip plates of checkered hard rubber with a downward-pointing cartridge with Phoenix written on it. The bolt has 10 coarse triangular-cut serrations, and the recoil spring housing has 14. The left side of the recoil spring housing is marked in all-capital sans-serif characters as follows: ̶ PHOENIX ̶ LOWELL . MASS . U.S.A. PATENT ̶ The serial number is on the right side on the frame and on the recoil spring housing, just in front of the ejection port. Serial numbers recorded thus far are between 106 and 1018. It is classified as a relic in the USA. (Ref. ‘Pistols and revolvers’ by JE Smith, ‘Pistols of the world’ by Hogg and Weeks p195, https://www.bevfitchett.us/firearms-identification/robar-pistols-jieffeco-and-melior-1.html , https://unblinkingeye.com/Guns/R-K/r-k.html , http://www.littlegun.be/arme%20belge/artisans%20identifies%20q%20r/a%20robar%20gb.htm )

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